The Foundations of Ethics in Atheistic Literature and the Comparative Analysis of the Islamic Concept of Morality

Abstract

Ethics is a fundamental pillar of human life that shapes the attitudes, values, and collective order of both the individual and society. In the modern era, atheistic thought has made various attempts to construct ethical systems independent of religion, prominent among these are concepts such as evolutionary theory, utilitarianism, anthropocentrism, social contract theory, and moral relativism. Proponents of these theories attribute moral values to human reason, experience and social evolution, whereas the Islamic concept of ethics grounds moral principles in Divine revelation, human nature, and the concept of accountability in the Hereafter. This research presents a critical and comparative study of the ethical concepts found in atheistic literature, examining their intellectual foundations, internal coherence, and practical implications.

Keywords:

Ethics, Morality, Atheism, Intellectual Foundations, Religion.