The Journal of Religion and Society dives deep into the fascinating intersection of faith and community. It's a platform where scholars, researchers, and anyone with a curious mind can explore the multifaceted ways religion shapes and is shaped by social structures, cultural norms, and historical currents.
Mental Stress Among the Younger Generation: Causes, Effects, and Mitigation: A Specialized Study in the Light of the Prophetic Seerah (ﷺ)
This paper explores the relationship between modern psychological practices for managing mental stress and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, focusing on how his methods align with contemporary therapeutic techniques. Work-related stress, anxiety, and depression are prevalent among today's youth, often exacerbated by social, academic, and economic pressures. The paper discusses modern therapies like Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), which emphasizes accepting and embracing difficult emotions rather than resisting them. This approach is compared to the Islamic practice of Tawakkul (trust in Allah), where individuals are encouraged to place their trust in divine wisdom, accept hardships, and find peace through reliance on Allah. The teachings of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ on patience (Sabr), gratitude (Shukr), and constant remembrance of Allah (Dhikr) provide a comprehensive spiritual framework for managing stress and achieving mental peace. By integrating these Islamic principles with contemporary psychological strategies, this paper demonstrates how young people can benefit from a balanced approach to mental well-being, incorporating both spiritual and practical methods to manage mental health. Keywords: Mental stress, modern therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Tawakkul, Prophet Muhammad, Sabr, Shukr, Dhikr, Youth mental health
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Role of Religious Principles in Managing Conflicts with Higher Authorities in Higher Educational Institutions
Religion provides great guidelines in improving interpersonal relations at workplace. The present study aimed at exploring the role of religious principles in managing work place conflicts among faculty members. Participants of this study were 8 faculty members (4 males and 4females) teaching in various disciplines of different higher education institutions. Participant’s age range was 29 to 60 years (M=44.5, SD= 8.3) with at least two years of teaching experience. Semi structured interview protocol of 15 questions was developed to explore their experiences about conflict management in the light of religious teachings. The primary research question was: which religious principles do you use to manage conflicts with chairperson of your department? In-depth interview was conducted with each participant individually. Content analysis was used in the study to analyze qualitative data semi structured interviews. The most salient religious principles reported by the participants of the study in order to manage conflicts with higher authority were obedience, polite discussion and reasoning, submissiveness, respect, wisdom and use of religious examples. The study had strong implications in improving interpersonal relations for higher authorities of post graduate institutions and faculty members. Keywords: Obedience, Polite Discussion, Respect, Wisdom and Use of Religious Examples Higher Educational Institutes.
Dr. Nasreen Akhtar (Corresponding Author)
An Analytical Study of Strengthening Marital Relationships and Preventing Divorce in the Light of the Prophetic Seerah
The increasing rate of divorce and the weakening of family relationships have emerged as significant social challenges in many Muslim societies, necessitating a comprehensive examination of Islamic guidance on marital stability. This study analytically explores the Prophetic Seerah as a practical model for strengthening marital relationships and preventing divorce. It examines the Prophet Muhammad’s ﷺ approach to fostering mutual love, compassion, effective communication, patience, forgiveness, justice, consultation, and reconciliation between spouses. The study further highlights the preventive mechanisms established in the Qur'an and Sunnah, including family mediation, conflict resolution, and gradual corrective measures before the dissolution of marriage. Employing a qualitative and analytical research methodology, the paper critically reviews primary Islamic sources alongside contemporary scholarly literature to identify the principles that contribute to sustainable family life. The findings suggest that the Prophetic model emphasizes prevention rather than dissolution, promoting dialogue, emotional intelligence, mutual rights and responsibilities, and social support as essential elements of marital harmony. The study concludes that the effective implementation of these Prophetic principles can significantly reduce marital conflicts, strengthen family institutions, and provide practical guidance for addressing the growing incidence of divorce in contemporary Muslim societies. The research also offers recommendations for integrating these principles into family counseling, educational curricula, and public awareness initiatives to enhance marital stability and social cohesion. Keywords: Prophetic Seerah, Marital Stability, Divorce Prevention, Family Institution, Conflict Resolution, Reconciliation, Islamic Family Law, Marital Counseling, Muslim Society
حضرت شیخ بہاء الدین زکریا ملتانی کے فکری و روحانی مناہج کا اسلامی تصوف، دینی و سماجی اصلاح اور ادارہ سازی کے فروغ میں کردار: ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ
The intellectual and spiritual thought of Sheikh Baha-u-Din Zakariya Multani occupies a distinctive place in the history of Islamic mysticism and the Suhrawardi tradition. This study explores the fundamental principles of his thought and examines its religious, spiritual, social, educational, economic, and political significance in the development of Muslim society in the Indian Subcontinent. Employing historical and analytical approaches, the study argues that his intellectual framework was founded upon Tawḥīd, Dhikr, strict adherence to the Qur'an and the Sunnah, the supremacy of Sharīʿah over Ṭarīqah, sincerity, spiritual discipline, lawful livelihood, and service to humanity. The study demonstrates that Sheikh Baha-u-Din Zakariya Multani developed a dynamic model of Sufism that rejected both excessive asceticism and material indulgence, advocating instead a harmonious balance between spiritual excellence and active participation in society. Through the institutionalization of the khānqāh, he integrated religious scholarship, spiritual training, moral refinement, and public welfare into a unified educational system. His emphasis on lawful earning, vocational skills, ethical conduct, and social responsibility transformed the Suhrawardi Order into a vibrant movement of religious and social reform. His spiritual authority also influenced rulers, scholars, and the wider community, while his disciples played a significant role in strengthening the spread of Islamic teachings throughout the Indian Subcontinent. The study concludes that the thought of Sheikh Baha-u-Din Zakariya Multani represents a comprehensive paradigm of Islamic spirituality in which faith, knowledge, ethics, social engagement, and institutional development are harmoniously integrated. His intellectual legacy continues to offer valuable insights into the study of Islamic civilization, Sufism, and the reformative traditions of South Asia. Keywords: Suhrawardi tradition, Tawḥīd, Dhikr, Sharīʿah, khānqāh, Islamic civilization, Sufism, South Asia https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21254321
The Prophetic Strategy for Divorce Prevention and Family Stability: An Analytical Study
The increasing incidence of divorce has emerged as one of the most significant challenges confronting Muslim families, undermining family stability and generating profound social, psychological, and economic consequences. While Islam recognizes divorce as a lawful solution in exceptional circumstances, the Prophetic Seerah places greater emphasis on preserving marital relationships through reconciliation, mutual respect, compassion, and the fulfillment of rights and responsibilities. This study examines the Prophetic strategy for preventing divorce and strengthening family stability by analyzing the Qur'ān, the Sunnah, and the practical family life of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Employing a qualitative research design with analytical and descriptive methods, the study draws upon primary Islamic sources, including the Qur'ān, authentic Hadith literature, and classical juristic works, alongside contemporary research on marriage, divorce, and family studies. The findings demonstrate that the Prophetic approach to family life is founded upon carefully selecting a spouse, fostering religious and moral education, promoting effective communication, ensuring mutual respect, exercising patience and forgiveness, encouraging consultation (shūrā), facilitating reconciliation, safeguarding the rights of spouses, and treating divorce as a measure of last resort. The study further argues that these principles provide a comprehensive and sustainable framework for addressing contemporary marital challenges and reducing divorce rates. It concludes that integrating the Prophetic family strategy into family counseling services, educational programs, public policy, and community initiatives can significantly contribute to strengthening family cohesion and promoting long-term marital stability in contemporary Muslim societies. Keywords: Prophetic Seerah, Divorce Prevention, Family Stability, Marital Relations, Islamic Family System, Family Counseling, Islamic Social Ethics.
Can Technology Teach the Body? Exploring the Role of Digital Innovation in Physical Learning
The rapid advancement of digital technology has transformed educational practices across the globe. While technology has long been recognized as an effective tool for cognitive learning, its role in teaching physical skills remains a subject of growing interest. This article explores whether technology can effectively teach the body by examining the impact of digital innovations on physical learning, movement education, sports training, rehabilitation, and physical education. The study reviews current technologies including artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), wearable technologies, motion capture systems, exergaming, and mobile health applications. The findings suggest that technology significantly enhances physical learning by providing personalized feedback, increasing motivation, improving skill acquisition, and facilitating remote instruction. However, technology cannot completely replace human instructors because physical learning depends on emotional support, interpersonal interaction, and contextual coaching. The article concludes that the future of physical education lies in a hybrid model where technology complements rather than replaces traditional teaching. Keywords: Digital Innovation, Physical Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Reality, Physical Education, Sports Technology, Wearable Devices, Motor Learning
Epistemological Integration in the Post-Colonial Era: Reconciling Sacred and Secular Knowledge Systems
The dichotomy between sacred and secular knowledge remains one of the most significant intellectual challenges confronting Muslim societies in the post-colonial era. Colonial educational policies introduced a bifurcated system that separated religious sciences from modern disciplines, resulting in epistemological fragmentation, intellectual dependency, and socio-economic disparities. This study critically examines the historical roots of this division and explores contemporary approaches to epistemological integration within Islamic educational institutions. Employing a qualitative and analytical research methodology, the paper investigates Islamic perspectives on knowledge, evaluates existing educational models, and proposes a framework for harmonizing revealed and acquired sciences. The findings suggest that sustainable educational reform requires the reconstruction of curricula based on a holistic Islamic worldview that integrates faith, reason, ethics, and scientific inquiry. Such integration has the potential to produce graduates capable of addressing contemporary challenges while maintaining a strong moral and spiritual foundation. Keywords: Epistemology, Islamic Education, Knowledge Integration, Post-Colonial Studies, Curriculum Reform, Sacred Knowledge, Secular Knowledge.
Dr. Hafiz Khubaib ur Rehman Awan (Corresponding Author)
Planned Brain Export or Unplanned Brain Drain: Evaluating Pakistan's Migration Governance Architecture against BEOE Outflow Data (2000–2025)
Pakistan does not have an official migration policy. Since 1971, the Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment (BEOE), under the Emigration Ordinance of 1979, has helped registered workers depart by more than 14 million. Farooq and Ahmad (2017) simply stated that Pakistan needs to transform brain drain into brain export, a process that requires state strength which Pakistan is lacking. Since the independence of Pakistan, the successive governments have considered emigration as a productive economic activity of remittances without taking any steps to tackle with its composition and institutional framework to manage the emigration process, Kaukab (2005) observed. The paper examines if there has been any structural change in Pakistan's migration governance from 2000 to 2025. It relies on BEOE annual outflow statistics for 2000-2025, the PIDE policy analyses, BEOE annual reports, MRC/ICMPD Q3 2025 data, migration analysis by Gallup Pakistan (2025) and literature on migration governance and political economy. The results reveal that Pakistan's migration governance structure is essentially unchanged from that in 1979. The draft migration policy from 2020 is not approved. Total BEOE outflows were 862,625 in 2023 and BEOE "inflows" indicate 525,551 outflows in 2025 alone. The skill structure of outflows has remained structurally unchanged: more than half of total outflows are still unskilled and semi-skilled workers. More than 90% of all outflows still end up in the GCC destinations. The paper concludes that Pakistan continues to be a country of unplanned brain drain and that the political economy of its migration governance remittance dependence, legislative sluggishness, low capacity of state and lack of an architecture of engagement of the diaspora systematically hinders the shift from unplanned to planned brain export. Keywords: planned brain export; brain drain; BEOE; migration governance; Pakistan; Emigration Ordinance 1979; remittance dependence; state capacity; political economy; MRC; ICMPD
The Concept of Great Oppression (Ẓulm-e-ʿAẓīm) in the Light of the Holy Quran: An Analytical Study
Shirk (polytheism) constitutes the gratest sin and the ultimate injustice within the cosmos, explicitly characterized by the Holy Quran under the comprehensive description of Zulm-e-Azeem (the supreme oppression). Since the core literal meaning of Shirk signifies establishing partnership, sharing, or equating two entities, and the true essence of injustice lies in displacing a rightful claim from its proper position, the absolute cosmic truth dictates that devotion, worship, gratitude, and sovereignty belong exclusively to the One Creator who generated humanity, granted life, and sustained existence. When humanity associates any helpless creation with this exclusive and divine right of Allah, it commits a direct usurpation of the cosmos's greatest right, establishing the absolute worst and most heinous form of injustice. Through this act, a person severely elevates a dependent creation, placing it parallel to the divine status and equating it with the rank of Allah. This is not merely a profound violation against divine divinity, but an equally severe oppression inflicted upon human dignity, conscience, and intellect, as it degrades the ultimate creation by forcing it to bow before fellow creations. Consequently, it is established that true justice, cosmic equilibrium, and moral order are attainable solely under the umbrella of Monotheism (Tawheed), and the eradication of Shirk is the ultimate prerequisite for eliminating every form of intellectual, existential, and practical oppression. Keywords Shirk, Zulm-e-Azeem, Linguistic and Conceptual Study, Tawhid and Adl, Quranic Exegesis, Concept of Injustice.
The Concept of Altruism (Īthār) and Charitable Spending (Infāq) in the Holy Qur’an: An Analytical Study of Social Welfare, Economic Stability, and Its Contemporary Applications
This study explores the concept of altruism (Īthār) and charitable spending (Infāq) in the Qur’ān and examines their role in promoting social welfare, economic justice, and sustainable development. The research analyzes Qur’ānic teachings, classical exegetical perspectives—particularly those of Muslim scholars such as al-Jaṣṣāṣ, al-Rāzī, al-Ṭabarī, and al-Ghazālī—and their relevance to contemporary socio-economic challenges. The study highlights how the Qur’ān encourages generosity, brotherhood, social responsibility, service to humanity, and financial support for vulnerable groups through mechanisms such as Zakāt, Ṣadaqāt, Waqf, and Bayt al-Māl. It further discusses the relationship between human needs, economic stability, and ethical economic behavior, emphasizing the prohibition of ribā (interest), exploitation, hoarding, and extravagance. The research argues that the Qur’ānic framework of altruism and charitable giving provides an effective solution to modern issues such as poverty, economic insecurity, social inequality, and class division. Moreover, the study examines the practical application of these principles in contemporary welfare institutions and non-governmental organizations that contribute to education, healthcare, disaster relief, and poverty alleviation. The findings suggest that the integration of Qur’ānic values of altruism and charitable spending into modern economic and social policies can strengthen social cohesion, promote equitable wealth distribution, and contribute to both material prosperity and spiritual well-being. The study concludes that the Qur’ānic model of Īthār and Infāq remains a comprehensive and sustainable framework for achieving social justice and collective welfare in contemporary societies. Keywords: Īthār (Altruism); Infāq (Charitable Spending); Qur’ānic Economics; Social Welfare; Zakāt; Economic Justice; Poverty Alleviation; Islamic Philanthropy; Social Responsibility; Sustainable Development.
From Education to Enterprise: Examining the Barriers Preventing Unemployed Graduates from Pursuing Entrepreneurship in Quetta
Entrepreneurship is an alternative strategy to reduce graduate unemployment and promoting economic development among unemployed university graduates. This study examined the barriers to entrepreneurship among unemployed graduates in Quetta city. The data were collected from 216 unemployed graduates through a structured questionnaire, the study employed a quantitative descriptive research design, Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to select respondents from major public universities in Quetta. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings indicated that lack of capital the most known barrier to unemployed graduates. Majority of the graduates considered that limited access to financial support and loans for business to create new businesses. The study also reported limited business knowledge and lack of practical entrepreneurial skills which reduce unemployed graduates from starting new businesses. Complicated government procedures and administrative requirements were identified as important barriers among graduates. Furthermore, the study lacks of support from family and market competitions depressed graduates from starting entrepreneurship as a career option. The study recommends vast entrepreneurship programs in Quetta city especially for students and graduates. Further the study recommends specific funds for students and graduates and publication of incubation centres in every university for a better access to entrepreneurship programs. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Barriers, Graduate Unemployment, Employment, Financial Constraints, Quetta, Balochistan.
Perceptions of Youth on the Role of Sectarianism in Shaping Social Identity and Religious Conflict in Pakistan
Sectarianism is still affecting social relationships between different groups within Pakistan, and especially between the youth who are trying to define their sectarian identity. In this regard, this study intended tto explore the perception of youth regaring roleof sects in shaping social identity and conflict. Semi-structured online interviews were conducted with 15 participants aged 18-30, identified using purposive sampling techniques. The sample consisted of youth from the Sunna, Shia and Ahl-e-Hadith sects who had experienced and could provide information about sectarianism and its implications for their social identities. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the interview data. The major themes derived were sectarian identity, inter-sect perceptions, role of educators and religious institutions, social media influenc, perceptions of sectarian conflict, emotion responses to sectarianism, boundary maintenance, hopes for unity and peace-building strategies. Study concluded that social influences and institutional support often lead to an increase in the prominence of one's sectarian affiliation (socio-religious identity). The rise of social media has also increased the amount of false sectarian information being presented, and therefore decreased the amount of trust, acceptance, and love for one's own (or other) sects within the youth. The findings of this research highlight several areas of policy reform and intervention to address sectarianism. These include increasing educational opportunities; educating the public on media usage and misuse; holding more leaders to account for their actions; and providing more robust legal support mechanisms. Keywords: Sectarianism, Social Identity, Religious Conflict, Youth, Perceptions, Pakistan
From Connection to Conviction: Psychological and Social Mechanisms Driving Passionate Religious Alignment
The study showed an association between meaning in life, dehumanization, social networks that support political violence, and passion for religion. It was also studied whether meaning in life, dehumanization, and social networks supporting political violence significantly predicted passion for religion. A total of 354 were selected through purposive sampling from places that include prisoners, drug addicts, students, and online participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS, including regression and correlation analyses. The results showed a significant positive correlation among most of the study variables. Meaning in life and dehumanization significantly positively predicted passion for religion, while social network supporting political violence negatively predicted passion for religion. The regression analysis explained 10.3% of the variance in passion for religion (R² = .103, p < .001). The results suggest that both social and psychological factors contribute to understanding the passion for religion and give insight into factors that influence religion-related attitudes and behavior. Keywords: Meaning in life, Dehumanization, Social networks supporting political violence, Passion for religion, Political violence
Analysis of Written and Supported Curriculum of General Science at Secondary level
The aim of the study evaluates the Written and Supported curriculum of General Science at the secondary level. The study was intended to evaluate the alignment of written and supported curriculum in terms of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives separately and then compare the alignment between written and supported curriculum in terms of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. The research was evaluative, and a conceptual content analysis design was applied to collect the data. The research study was also a desk study i.e., Document Analysis. The population of this study was National Curriculum of General Science and Textbook of General Science The study sample was comprised of the National Curriculum of General Science of Grades IX-X and the collected data was analyzed using Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. The data was analyzed using the frequency table, percentage, and proportion. The data was presented through tables after the statistical analysis. Studies on the alignment of Written and Supported Curriculum are foremost for investigating the worthwhile application of the Written Curriculum and helping the collaborators i.e., Examiners, Curriculum setters, Course developers, Textbook writers, and teachers to improve the situation. Keywords: Written Curriculum, Supported Curriculum, General Science, Secondary Level
Impacts of Climate Change on Nomadic Communities in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan: A Descriptive Study
Climate change has emerged as one of the most significant environmental and socio-economic challenges affecting nomadic livelihoods across Central Asia. This study examines the impacts of climate variability on traditional nomadic communities in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, with the aim of describing how changing climatic conditions reshape traditional herding systems, resource use, and patterns of mobility. Employing a descriptive qualitative design, the research draws on secondary data from institutional reports, peer-reviewed literature, and national climate records published between 2010 and 2024. The analysis integrates thematic interpretation of qualitative sources with descriptive statistics summarizing temperature trends, precipitation variability, and rangeland degradation indicators, offering a comprehensive understanding of the issue at hand. Findings reveal that both Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan have experienced significant warming averaging between 1.6°C and 2.0°C since the mid-twentieth century accompanied by irregular rainfall and increased drought frequency. These changes have accelerated pasture degradation, disrupted seasonal migration routes, and diminished livestock productivity, intensifying economic and ecological vulnerability. In Kyrgyzstan, herders report shortened grazing cycles and increased exposure to dzuds (severe winter storms), while in Uzbekistan, desertification and water scarcity have led to partial sedentarization and loss of traditional mobility. Despite these pressures, communities have demonstrated adaptive resilience through rotational grazing, livelihood diversification, and engagement in locally driven adaptation projects. The study concludes that climate change in Central Asia is not only an environmental phenomenon but also a catalyst for cultural transformation and social restructuring within nomadic systems. Strengthening adaptive capacity among these communities requires an integrated policy approach linking environmental restoration, livelihood support, and the preservation of nomadic heritage. Keywords: Climate change; nomadic communities; Kyrgyzstan; Uzbekistan; rangeland degradation; descriptive qualitative study; pastoral livelihoods; adaptation strategies; Central Asia.
A Research Analysis of the Application of Sadd al-Zarai and Fath al-Zarai in Fatawa Rizwia and Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband
This study examines the application of the principles of Sadd al-Dharā’iʿ (blocking the means) and Fath al-Dharā’iʿ (opening the means) in Fatawa Razawiyyah and Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband. Using analytical approach, it explores selected legal issues in which these principles are reflected in the juristic reasoning of both fatwa collections. The study finds that both works use these principles to prevent harm and promote benefit within the framework of Hanafi jurisprudence. While both share the same legal foundation, differences appear in the way these principles are applied in certain cases. These differences mainly arise from varying juristic judgments and contextual considerations. The study concludes that Sadd al-Dharā’iʿ and Fath al-Dharā’iʿ play an important role in contemporary Hanafi legal thought and help explain how scholars address emerging issues while preserving the objectives of Sharīʿah. Keywords: Sadd al-Dharā’iʿ, Fath al-Dharā’iʿ, Fatawa Razawiyyah, Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband
The Religious and Academic Role of Maulana Miyan Saadullah Kaka Khel in the Promotion of Islamic Sciences: A Research and Historical Study
This research paper critically evaluates the religious and academic contributions of Maulana Mian Saadullah Kakakhel to the promotion of Islamic sciences, addressing a significant void in contemporary Islamic historiography. Despite the profound depth and transformative impact of his scholarly endeavors, Maulana Kakakhel’s legacy remains largely obscured, with very limited recognition among modern researchers and the wider academic community. This study employs a qualitative and analytical approach to systematically unearth his invaluable pedagogical methodologies, written treatises, and institutional reforms, aiming to bring his overlooked achievements to the forefront of mainstream Islamic scholarship. The investigation highlights that several of his rare manuscripts and classical writings possess immense intellectual value yet urgently require rigorous, high-level academic research and critical editing. By analyzing contextual historical accounts and surviving textual records, this paper demonstrates how his structured approach to teaching the Quran, Hadith, and Islamic jurisprudence effectively bridged traditional orthodoxy with societal reformation. Ultimately, this research serves as a foundational effort to rescue his intellectual heritage from obscurity, asserting that a revival of interest in his works is essential for a comprehensive understanding of regional socio-religious dynamics. This paper concludes with a strong call to action for contemporary scholars to engage in dedicated textual criticism of his undocumented books to enrich modern Islamic academic literature. Keywords: Maulana Mian Saadullah Kakakhel, Islamic Sciences, Academic Legacy, Forgotten Scholars, , Manuscript Research, Religious Historiography
Kala Dhari: A Master Piece of Hindu Temple in BWP State: An Interfaith Hormoney in Ex-Princely State Bahawalpur
The Kala Dhari Temple, located in the historic region of the former Bahawalpur Princely State in present-day Pakistan, represents an important yet understudied component of the region’s religious and cultural heritage. Associated with the worship of the Hindu deity Krishna under the epithet “Kala Dhari,” the temple reflects the religious practices and architectural traditions of Hindu communities that once flourished in Bahawalpur prior to the mid-twentieth century. This study examines the historical background, architectural characteristics, and socio-religious significance of the Kala Dhari Temple within the broader cultural landscape of the Bahawalpur State. Drawing on historical records, oral traditions, and regional heritage documentation, the research highlights the temple’s role as a local pilgrimage site and community center. The paper also situates the temple within the multi-religious history of Bahawalpur, where Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim communities coexisted and contributed to a shared cultural environment. By documenting the site and analyzing its historical context, this study contributes to the preservation discourse surrounding neglected heritage sites in Pakistan and emphasizes the importance of safeguarding the architectural and cultural legacy of the former princely states of South Asia. Keywords: Religious Hormoney, Liberty for Minorities, Human Rights
Old Age Homes in Islamabad: Services, Ethical Challenges, and Islamic Perspectives on Elderly Care
The institution of old age homes has emerged as a significant social phenomenon in Pakistan, particularly in major urban centers such as Islamabad, as a consequence of rapid social transformation, changing family structures, urbanization, economic pressures, migration, and the growing influence of modern lifestyles. Traditionally, the care and support of elderly parents and senior family members were considered fundamental responsibilities within Muslim families, deeply rooted in Islamic teachings that emphasize respect, compassion, dignity, and service toward parents and older persons. However, the gradual decline of the joint family system and increasing socioeconomic demands have contributed to the establishment and expansion of old age homes as alternative care facilities for senior citizens. This study examines the existing services provided by old age homes in Islamabad and critically evaluates their administrative, social, psychological, financial, and ethical dimensions from an Islamic perspective. The research explores the nature and quality of residential facilities, healthcare services, nutritional support, recreational activities, security arrangements, counseling services, and spiritual care available to elderly residents. Furthermore, it investigates the extent to which these institutions fulfill the physical, emotional, social, and religious needs of senior citizens while preserving their dignity and personal autonomy. The study also addresses important ethical and legal concerns associated with institutional elderly care, including issues of informed consent, financial rights, property protection, emotional neglect, family responsibilities, and the broader moral obligations of society toward elderly individuals. Special attention is given to Islamic teachings regarding the rights of parents, the preservation of human dignity, and the responsibilities of children and communities in ensuring the well-being of aging family members. The research concludes that a balanced and integrated model combining professional institutional services with active family involvement and Islamic ethical values offers the most effective and sustainable approach for protecting the dignity, welfare, and quality of life of elderly citizens. Strengthening family participation, enhancing spiritual and psychological support programs, improving staff training, and promoting community awareness regarding elderly rights are essential measures for developing a more humane and ethically grounded system of elderly care in Pakistan. Keywords: Old Age Homes, Elderly Care, Islamic Ethics, Parents’ Rights, Social Welfare, Islamabad, Elderly Dignity, Islamic Law, Family System, Elderly Protection, Senior Citizens, Family Responsibilities, Social Support, Institutional Care, Human Dignity.
The educational condition of Muslim Women in Colonial India and Shaykh Ashraf Ali Thanwi’s Role in its Reform
The importance of learning and education holds a central position in Islam, where the acquisition of knowledge is regarded as an obligation upon every Muslim man and woman. Islamic teachings emphasize intellectual, moral, and spiritual development as essential components of an ideal society. Despite these teachings, Muslim women in colonial India faced numerous educational, social, cultural, and economic challenges that restricted their access to proper learning opportunities. The colonial period witnessed a significant decline in the educational condition of Muslims in general, while Muslim women remained among the most marginalized segments of society due to conservative social customs, illiteracy, poverty, and lack of institutional support. In this context, several Muslim scholars and reformers emerged to address these issues and promote educational awareness among Muslim women. Among these reformers, Ashraf Ali Thanwi occupies a prominent place due to his scholarly, spiritual, and reformative contributions. This study examines the educational condition of Muslim women in colonial India and critically analyzes the reformative efforts of Shaykh Ashraf Ali Thanwi through a historical and analytical approach. The research explores the socio-political environment of British colonial rule and its impact on Muslim society, particularly on women’s education. It highlights the intellectual and reformative movement initiated by Muslim scholars who sought to revive Islamic values and improve the condition of Muslim families through education and moral training. Special attention is given to Thanwi’s vision regarding women’s religious, ethical, domestic, and social education. He considered women as the foundation of family and society and believed that their proper upbringing and education were essential for the moral stability and religious integrity of the Muslim community. This study concludes that the reformative contributions of Shaykh Ashraf Ali Thanwi played a significant role in enhancing Muslim women’s literacy, religious understanding, and social awareness during the colonial period. His efforts contributed to the intellectual and moral revival of Muslim women and left a lasting impact on Muslim society in South Asia. The influence of his educational thought continues to be visible in contemporary Islamic educational institutions and among communities that still benefit from his reformative legacy. Keywords: Muslim Women Education, British Colonial Rule, Educational Reform Muslim Women, Islamic Educational Thought, Colonial India, Muslim Social Reform.
Enforcement of Hudood on a Muslim within Dar ul Harb: A comparative Study of the Four School of Thought
The term Dar Ul Harb is a juristic and interpretive concept in islamic law. In term of classical fiqh terminology, it refers to a non-Muslim territory where non-Muslims hold political dominance, their laws prevail, and Muslims do not enjoy security; rather, they live in a state of fear and insecurity. Additionally, such a territory is characterized by the absence of any formal treaty, truce, or peace agreement with a Muslism state. A significant legal question arises in this cotext: if a Muslim commits an offense in Dar Ul Harb that necessitates the applicatiion of a prescribed hadd punishment under islamic law, should the hadd be enforced in that territory or not? The jurists of the four Sunni schools (Msdhahib e Arba,a) have expressed divergent views on this issue.This study aims to present a comparative study of the different juristic opinions of aaimma arbha. Keywords: Dar ul Harb, Hudood, Comparative, Different, Punishment, Juristic, Opinions.
The Lived Prophetic Model: Reinterpreting Sirah as an Ethical Framework in the Malfuzat of South Asian Sufism
Sirah has been treated primarily as a historical or legal text, and its role as a historical guide for moral conduct was overlooked. This article attempts to solve the problem of application by describing the Lived Prophetic Model and the Malfuzat literature (oral teachings) of the recorded conversations of the South Asian masters, which is the most important yet under-researched source of this lived tradition. The study takes a three-dimensional approach that frames the themes in a Sirah in terms of their ethical function, instead of historical chronology, and represents the themes through the dialogic nature of Malfuzat, the Sufi concept of spiritual transmission (Nisbat), and the contextual urgency of medieval and colonial South Asia, the themes are grouped into categories of the inward gaze for the process of self-transformation, the outward hand for the process of social equity, and the communal bond for the process of building moral community. The article illustrates the concept of Malfuz interpretation through a case study of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah as explained in various Malfuz collections, which shows that Malfuz interpretation is not static, but is a living hermeneutical tool, a science of remedies not a science of reports. Arguing for the profound relevance of the Malfuz tradition in the context of the pedagogic model, the article brings the recovered paradigm into the present field of leadership development training, interfaith ethics, and mental wellness discourse. The Malfuz-based hermeneutics promise a potentially strong recovery in various fields in which the problem of knowing and becoming good is the central issue of the current time. Keywords: Malfuzat, Sirah, lived Prophetic model, Nisbat, Tazkiya, Sufi pedagogy
Qur’anic Hermeneutics in Pashto Sufi Literature: Analytical Insights from Rahman Baba
This study examines Qur’anic hermeneutics in Pashto Sufi literature through an analytical reading of the poetry of Rahman Baba (d.1711). It explores how Qur’anic meanings are interpreted and rearticulated within a vernacular mystical tradition, highlighting their role in shaping spiritual and intellectual discourse. The research employs a qualitative and interpretive methodology, analyzing selected Qur’anic themes reflected in Rahman Baba’s verses in light of classical exegetical insights. The study argues that Rahman Baba presents a distinctive hermeneutical approach grounded in Sufi epistemology. His poetry reveals a strong intertextual relationship with the Qur’an, particularly in themes such as tawḥīd (Divine Unity), moral purification, divine love, and awareness of the Hereafter. Rather than engaging in formal exegesis, he adopts a symbolic and experiential mode of interpretation that emphasizes inner transformation and spiritual realization. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that Rahman Baba’s interpretive style, while resonating with classical Sufi tafsīr, reflects a unique cultural and linguistic expression of the Pashto context. His work illustrates how Qur’anic teachings can be meaningfully localized without losing their universal significance. The study concludes that Pashto Sufi poetry represents an important yet underexplored dimension of Qur’anic interpretation, contributing to broader discussions on hermeneutics and the diversity of interpretive traditions within Islam. Keywords: Qur’anic Hermeneutics, Pashto Sufi Literature, Rahman Baba, Tafsīr.
Juristic Opinions on Sale Before Possession: A Fiqh-Based and Applied Study
This study examines the jurisprudential dimensions of Bay ‘qabl al-qabd (sale prior to possession), a significant and recurrent issue within Islamic commercial law that has acquired renewed complexity in the context of contemporary financial practices. Islamic law mandates that all financial transactions be governed by the principles of justice, transparency, and the protection of contractual rights; however, the application of these principles to evolving market structures such as online trading platforms, digital marketplaces, and electronic commodity exchanges has generated substantial juristic discourse. Classical Muslim jurists exhibited divergent positions on the permissibility of sale prior to possession. While a number of scholars categorically prohibited such transactions, others allowed them under specific conditions or with respect to certain categories of goods. It further explores the underlying causes of juristic disagreement, including methodological differences in textual interpretation, the determination of effective legal causes (‘illah), and the role of customary practice (‘urf). In addition, the study evaluates the contemporary applicability of this doctrine in areas such as online trading, Islamic banking, and digital financial systems. The objective is not merely to present competing juristic perspectives, but to synthesize them in order to arrive at a balanced and contextually relevant conclusion that aligns with the higher objectives of Islamic law (Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah) and addresses the exigencies of the modern economic environment. Keywords: Bay ‘qabl al-qabd; Islamic jurisprudence; qabd (possession); comparative fiqh; online trading; Islamic banking
The Dilemma of Freedom Between Moral Regulation and Absolute Liberation: A Reading of the Thought of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi
This study explores the complex problematic of freedom as situated between moral discipline and absolute liberation, with particular reference to the thought of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. The research aims to analyze the conceptual boundaries of freedom within Islamic intellectual tradition and to examine how Nursi reconciles individual liberty with ethical and social responsibility. Employing an analytical and inductive methodology, the study begins by clarifying the linguistic and terminological meanings of freedom and liberation. It then investigates the concept of freedom as presented in the Holy Qur’an, highlighting its intrinsic connection with moral accountability, divine guidance, and human dignity. The research further examines Nursi’s conception of legitimate (shar‘i) freedom, emphasizing its foundation in faith, moral restraint, and social harmony. It argues that, according to Nursi, true freedom is not synonymous with unrestricted autonomy but is realized through adherence to ethical principles that safeguard both individual and collective well-being. Additionally, the study analyzes Nursi’s engagement with the concept of constitutionalism and his critique of the Committee of Union and Progress, illustrating his موقف toward political authority, justice, and societal reform. The findings demonstrate that Nursi offers a balanced framework that rejects both moral absolutism devoid of freedom and unrestrained liberalism lacking ethical grounding. The study concludes that Nursi’s thought provides a comprehensive and relevant model for understanding freedom in contemporary discourse, particularly in reconciling modern notions of liberty with enduring moral values. Keywords: Freedom, Moral Discipline, Absolute Liberation, Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, Islamic Thought, Qur’anic Perspective, Shar‘i Freedom, Constitutionalism, Ethics, Social Responsibility
Foundational Principles and Defining Characteristics of Citizenship in Islamic Law: An Analytical Study within the Framework of Islamic Teachings
This article explains the concepts of Islamic citizenship and modern citizenship. In the Islamic system, citizenship is primarily based on faith and loyalty to the state. It divides citizens into two groups: Muslims and non-Muslims (Dhimmis). Muslims are responsible for managing and defending the state, while non-Muslim citizens are guaranteed full protection for their religion, culture, life, and property. In contrast, modern citizenship is based on territory and the constitution, treating all individuals as equal regardless of their background. Despite these differences, both systems share common core goals, such as upholding justice, respecting human dignity, and ensuring social welfare. The article highlights the Charter of Madinah as a foundational historical model. Through this document, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) united Muslims and other tribes into a "political nation," establishing clear rights and duties for non-Muslims as protected citizens. Finally, the golden Islamic principle that "there is no compulsion in religion" ensures that non-Muslims have the freedom to practice their own faith and follow their own personal laws. Keywords: Islamic Citizenship, Modern Citizenship, Charter of Madinah (Misaq al-Madinah), rights of Minorities, Social Justice and Equality
The Importance of Balance between Work and Life for Mental Health and Social Stability
This article explores the importance of maintaining balance between work and personal life for mental health and social stability. In Islam, balance and moderation are key principles that guide every aspect of human life. The Quran and the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) encourage people to live moderately avoiding both extremes of overwork and negligence and to give due time to worship, family, rest and social responsibilities. The Prophet (PBUH) himself demonstrated this through his balance routine, dividing his time between prayer, family and community service. The study explains that when individuals maintain a healthy balance between their professional duties and personal lives, they experience better metal health, emotional peace and productivity. This harmony also strengthens families and communities, promoting overall social stability. In today’s fast-paced world, where stress, anxiety and work pressure are increasing, Islam’s message of moderation provides a timeless solution for living a calm, meaningful and well organized life. A balanced lifestyle helps individuals achieve inner satisfaction and contributes to a peaceful and stable society. Keywords: Balance in Work and Life, Mental Health, Social Stability, Islamic Moderation.
A comparative review of the theological debates in Tarjam-ul-Quran and Zia-ul-Qur'an
The concept of Allah's attributes established by the Holy Quran has been presented to mankind. And the concept of God has always been the axis of man's spiritual and moral life. It is a different matter that what is the spiritual and psychological nature of a religion and what effects it has on its followers, can be known by looking at what is the nature of its concept of God. The first thing is to praise the Lord. Because all glory is attributed to Him. And there are different attributes for praise after praise. In Surat al-Fatiha, four attributes are described respectively: "Lord of the Worlds, Rahman, Rahim, Malik Yumuddin" Since Rahman and Rahim are two different aspects of the same attribute, they should be interpreted in the same way in other words. can Three attributes of lordship, mercy and justice have been described. In this topic, the theological debates mentioned by Abu Kalam Azad and Pir Karam Shah Al-Azhari in their books should be reviewed. Key Words: Theological, God, Lord, Quran
Construction and Validation of Taqwa Scale in Urdu Language
The purpose of this study was to construct and validate a culturally and linguistically relevant scale to measure the concept of taqwa in Urdu. The researchers used a deductive- item writing approach to generate a pool of 65 items. After qualitative analysis, some of the items were rephrased, other were discarded by experts of the field. The remaining 50 items were kept in the scale for further quantitative analysis. The experimental tryout sample comprised of 250 participants and their age ranged from 13 to 43 years (M=20.84, SD=6.01). Along with the current scale two standardized instruments namely Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS; Aslam, 2016) for discriminant validity and Muslim Spiritual Attachment Scale (MSAS;) for convergent validity were also used. Item-total correlation was computed, 28 items were retained while 22 items were discarded due to correlation below 0.30. After the confirmation through the KMO measure having a value of .86, Principal Component Analysis with Oblimin rotation was carried over. The following two factors were yielded upon Exploratory Factor Analysis. Factor 1 labeled as “Fear of Allah” comprises 18 items while factor 2 named as “Self accountability” comprises 10 items. The scale showed good reliability, with an alpha coefficient of .88. The convergent and discriminant validity of the scale was also proved with significant positive correlation between Taqwa and Muslim Spiritual Attachment to God scale and non-significant correlation with DASS. Hence Taqwa scale is a reliable tool with established psychometric properties for assessing Taqwa in a native cultural framework. Keywords: Taqwa (piety), quantitative analysis, exploratory factor analysis, convergent validity, discriminant validity
Bridging the Gender Gap in Financial Inclusion: A Structural Analysis of Women Entrepreneurship and Policy Effectiveness in Pakistan
This study investigates the structural relationship between women’s entrepreneurship, financial inclusion, and the effectiveness of gender-responsive policies in Pakistan. Although women represent nearly half of the country’s population, their economic participation remains disproportionately low, with minimal representation in formal business ownership and export activities. Nevertheless, recent developments show notable progress in financial inclusion, as women’s access to formal financial services has increased significantly from around 4% in 2018 to over 52% by 2025 reflecting substantial policy-driven improvements and expanded banking outreach.Using secondary data from the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP), the Trade Development Authority of Pakistan (TDAP), and relevant survey evidence, this study employs a structural and analytical framework to assess the determinants of women’s financial inclusion and entrepreneurial outcomes. The analysis highlights the positive impact of key policy initiatives such as the Banking on Equality framework, the Women Entrepreneurs Finance (WE-FI) Code, and the Pakistan Opportunity for Women Entrepreneurship & Resilience Strategy (2025–30). Despite these gains, women’s access to finance remains largely concentrated in microfinance, which limits business expansion and long-term entrepreneurial growth.The findings further reveal that structural barriers including low financial literacy, socio-cultural constraints, and institutional inefficiencies continue to restrict women’s full economic participation. While policy interventions have improved access to financial services, they have not fully translated into sustainable entrepreneurial empowerment. Within this research framework, the ARDL model captures the macro-level, long-term structural and policy impacts, while the Logit model explains the micro-level probability and decision-making behavior of women. The combined use of these models ensures a comprehensive econometric analysis, linking policy effectiveness with real-world inclusion outcomes and offering deeper insights into how the gender gap in financial inclusion can be effectively reduced in Pakistan. Keywords: Gender Gap, Financial Inclusion, Structural Analysis, Women Entrepreneurship, Policy Effectiveness, Pakistan
Saudi Arabia’s Soft Power Strategies under Vision 2030: From Religious Authority to Global Image-Building
This paper examines the evolution of Saudi Arabia’s soft power strategies, tracing the shift from traditional religious legitimacy to a diversified, state-led framework of global image-building under Saudi Vision 2030. Guided by the theoretical framework of soft power developed by Joseph Nye, the study explores how Saudi Arabia has reconfigured its international role in response to changing regional and global dynamics. The central research question of this study is: How has Saudi Arabia transformed its soft power strategy from a religion-based model to a multidimensional, state-driven approach under Vision 2030? Overall, the paper argues that Saudi Arabia’s soft power has shifted from a predominantly religious model to a multidimensional, state-driven strategy of global attraction, demonstrating how emerging powers strategically adapt soft power tools to achieve both domestic transformation and international influence in the twenty-first century. Keywords: Saudi Arabia, Soft Power, Vision 2030, Muhammad Bin Salman, Public Diplomacy
Interpreting Legal Findings: A Critical Discussion of Results in Light of Jurisprudential Frameworks
This paper examines the interpretation of legal findings through the lens of established jurisprudential frameworks, analyzing how different theoretical approaches shape judicial reasoning and statutory construction. Drawing upon contemporary scholarship in legal philosophy, constitutional theory, and statutory interpretation, this study critically evaluates how positivist, interpretivist, pragmatic, and natural law frameworks inform the judicial function. The analysis demonstrates that legal interpretation is not merely a technical exercise of applying rules to facts, but rather a complex hermeneutic activity that implicates fundamental questions about the nature of law, the role of judges, and the relationship between legal authority and moral reasoning. By situating current debates within their historical and philosophical contexts, this paper contributes to ongoing discussions about methodological coherence in judicial decision-making and the legitimacy of interpretive pluralism in contemporary legal systems. Keywords: Legal Interpretation, Jurisprudence, Statutory Construction, Constitutional Theory, Judicial Reasoning, Hermeneutics
Remedies for Racial Hatred in the Digital Age and Sufi Ethics: A Contemporary Study
The social media algorithms, echo chambers, anonymity, and a fast dissemination of hate speech and fake news in the digital age have given racial hatred and ethnocentrism new and more dangerous dimensions. This paper goes on to discuss how racial prejudice and tribal bigotry is changing in the multicultural Pakistani society and particularly in the micro case study of Dera Ghazi Khan. In this case the Baloch tribes are very powerful e.g. Mazari, Leghari and Khosa which still influence social and political organization by their strong tribes and traditional system of tumandari. The digital platforms have intensified the pride of the tribes and inter-tribal conflicts making the traditional ethnocentrism viralized online polarization threatening social harmony. The study examines the Islamic doctrine on human togetherness as embodied by the Holy Quran, the Prophetic Sunnah and the Farewell Sermon (Khutba Hajjat al-Wida), which categorically denies racial superiority. It then explores the ethics of Sufi, which are focused on Wahdat al-Wujud (Unity of Being), tazkiyah nafs (purification of the self), love (muhabbah), tolerance, and humility, as an extreme counter-narrative. The mystic verse of Khawaja Ghulam Farid (RA), a towering Sufi saint of the Saraiki region directly allied with region, seems to be a force that brings the tribal groups together and universal human brotherhood. Results show that Sufi ethical framework can provide spiritual and practical means of digital hate combating, namely, language protection, tolerance, patience, and inner reform. The research suggests course of action, which includes addition of digital ethics in Sufi thought in school curricula, encouraging positive counter-narratives online, and developing state policies in digital literacy and social unity. The future opportunities indicate the revolutionary possibilities of digital zawiyahs and contemporary spreading of Sufi doctrines to create tolerance in polarized cyberspace. This paper posits that Sufi ethics can offer a holistic, spiritual act of alternative to the racial hatred of the digital era, and can restore social integrity in pluralistic societies such as Pakistan. Keywords: Racial Hatred, Digital Ethnocentrism, Sufi Ethics, Wahdat Al-Wujud, Counter-Narrative, Tribal Identity, Dera Ghazi Khan, Khawaja Ghulam Farid, Human Unity, Social Media Algorithms
Exploring the Absurd and the Quest for Meaning in Albert Camus’s “The Stranger and The Plague”
The novels of Albert Camus, The Stranger (1942) and The Plague (1947) play out human conflict with a meaningless universe. Both works are illustrations of the theory of the absurd, the confrontation of the personal desire to achieve meaning and the silent apathy of the universe, as well as they are based on the tradition of the entire existentialism. The present paper has summarized the literature on the philosophy of the absurd by Camus and its corresponding philosophers (such as Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Sartre) and demonstrated how these approaches can be used to understand the different characters and the action of The Stranger and The Plague. The impersonal narration and the trial of Meursault in The Stranger have been evaluated as existential tableau whereby the social essences fail before the revelation of the absurdity. Researchers have observed that the eponymous epidemic in The Plague serves as an absurd phenomenon to which people react differently, denial and hope, revolt, and solidarity. According to critics, Camus’s protagonists eventually cut out meaning in action: Dr. Rieux and Jean Tarrou have a purpose in compassionate resistance, whereas Meursault attains a painfully won tranquility by living in the present. This review is a synthesis of recent scholarly articles that argue that stage philosophical dilemmas, suicide, faith, rebellion, confronted by his characters, and these means of narrative are directly connected to existentialist and absurdist philosophy. Key words: Absurd, Quest, Albert Camus’s, Stranger, existentialism, Meursault