Deep-fake Exposure, Artificial Intelligence and Online Harassment among Generation-Z in Pakistan: A Quantitative Study of Awareness, Victimization and Psychological Impact

Abstract

The rapid development of artificial intelligence has introduced new forms of digital manipulation, among which deep-fake technology represents one of the most serious emerging threats to online safety. Deep-fakes enable the creation of highly realistic but fabricated audio-visual content that can be misused for harassment, identity theft, blackmail and cybercrime. Generation-Z, as the most digitally active generation, is particularly vulnerable to such risks. This study examines the level of awareness, exposure and experiences of Generation-Z with deep-fake technology and its relationship with online harassment and psychological distress in Pakistan.

Using a quantitative survey design, data were collected from 350 Generation-Z social media users aged 18 to 26 years. The study assessed participants’ awareness of deep-fake technology, frequency of exposure to manipulated media, experiences of online harassment, psychological impact and knowledge of cybercrime laws. Descriptive statistics and correlational analysis were used to explore patterns of victimization and vulnerability.

Findings indicate that although most respondents had heard of deep-fake technology, only a minority possessed a clear understanding of how it operates or its legal implications. Exposure to deep-fake content was widespread across platforms such as TikTok, Instagram and YouTube and higher exposure was significantly associated with increased experiences of online harassment and psychological distress. Female respondents reported higher levels of fear and victimization compared to male respondents. Awareness of Pakistan’s cybercrime laws remained moderate to low, limiting effective reporting and legal recourse.

The study highlights the urgent need for digital literacy programs, targeted awareness campaigns and updated legal frameworks to protect young users from the growing misuse of deep-fake technology. Strengthening education, law enforcement capacity and platform accountability is essential to safeguard Generation-Z in the evolving digital environment.

Keywords: Deep-fakes, Online Harassment, Cybercrime, Generation-Z, Digital Literacy, Pakistan

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18418195