An Analytical Study of the Concepts, Types and Ethics of Disagreement in the Light of Urdu Exegetical Literature

Abstract

Differences of opinion are a natural phenomenon, reflecting the diversity and variety inherent in the universe. In human society, these differences appear in many forms—variations in color, race, and language; political disagreements; and legal disputes where lawyers present opposing arguments before a judge without provoking hostility. This study explores the concept, types, and etiquette of dissent in the light of Urdu exegetical literature. Adopting a qualitative, narrative approach, it examines “Adab”—the use of good words, gentleness in tone, and respectful conduct—and defines “Ikhtilaf” (Disagreement) as diverging from another’s words, circumstances, or position. Two primary forms are identified: “Ikhtilaf Mamduh” (Praiseworthy Disagreement) and “Ikhtilaf Mazmum” (Blameworthy Disagreement). Minor differences should remain confined to their subject matter, avoiding stubbornness, and following the spirit of respectful discourse observed in the era of the Companions (R.A.). Conversations should be guided by gentleness, sincerity, and respect, free from selfish motives, and grounded in caution and piety.

Keywords: Islamic Ethics, Disagreement, Exegetical Literature, Ikhtilaf Mamduhuh, Ikhtilaf Madmuhum